President

 Isabel Martinez de Peron

Isabel Martinez de Peron is the first women to be president of the world. She became president of Argentina. She was born on4 February 1931. Her real name is Maria Estela Martinez Cartas de Peron. She was the third wife of the former President, Juan Peron. During her husband's third term as president from 1973 to 1974, Isabel served as both vice president and First Lady. Following her husband's death in office in 1974, Isabel served as president from 1 July 1974 to 24 March 1976. She was the first non-royal female head of state and head of     government in the Western Hemisphere in modern times.

Maria Estela Martinez Cartas was born in La Rioja, Argentina, into a lower-middle-class family, daughter of Maria Josef Cartas Olguín and Carmelo Martinez. She dropped out of school after the fifth grade. In the early 1950s she became a nightclub dancer, adopting a variant of Saint Isabel, as her stage name.

Juan Peron suffered a series of heart attacks on 28 June 1974. Isabel was summoned home from a European trade mission and secretly sworn in as acting president the next day. Juan Peron died on 1 July 1974, less than a year after his third election to the presidency. Isabel Peron formally assumed the office, becoming the first non-royal female head of state and head of government in the Western Hemisphere. She was popularly known as La Presidente.

 

Although she lacked Evita's charisma, the grieving widow at first attracted support from the nation. She pledged to uphold the social market economy policies embodied in the 1973 "Social Pact" as well her husband's long-held economic nationalism, making her first significant economic policy decisions the enactment of a new, pro-labor employment contract law and the granting of YPF a monopoly over filling stations. Even extremist groups were publicly offering her support, following their falling out with Juan Peron between May and June. She cancelled meetings with various constituent and political groups, however, and the sympathy resulting from her husband's death soon dissipated. Her government purged most leftists from the administration and university posts and, as her husband another Argentine presidents had done, used Federal intervention powers to unseat leftist governors. Following a string of political murders and a break by the Montenegro's with the government, on 30 September Peron signed the Anti-Terrorism Law - the first in a series of measures which eroded constitutional rights for the sake of combating leftist violence.
 

Lopez Rega left the country on 19 July; shortly afterward, Peron dismissed his protégés in the Economy Ministry, Celestino Rodrigo, and in the Armed Forces High Command, General Alberto Numa Laplane, whom she replaced with General Jorge Videla, a quiet career officer with an uneventful military record.

A judge in Mendoza, Argentina in November 2006 demanded testimony from Isabel Peron, along with other Peronist ministers of her government, in a case involving forced disappearances during her presidency; on 12 January 2007, she was arrested in Madrid. She was charged by the Argentine authorities with the disappearance of Hector Aldo Fagetti Gall ego on February 25, 1976, and for crimes related to her issuance of the 6 October 1975, decree calling the Armed Forces to "annihilate subversive elements." The Nunca Mas ("Never Again") report released in 1984 by the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons recorded 600 disappearances and 500 assassinations under the Peronist governments from 1973–76, and it is acknowledged that the Triple A alone murdered some 600 people.
 

The 2006 capture in Spain of Triple A death-squad overseer Rodolfo Almiron (then also in charge of Lopez Rega's and Isabel Peron's personal security) shed further light on the extent of Triple A involvement. Isabel Peron's extradition to Argentina was denied in Spain on 28 March 2008. In two rulings, Spain's National Court decided the charges against her did not constitute crimes against humanity, adding that the statute of limitations for her charges expired 20 years ago.

 Abraham Lincoln

 

Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) is 16th president of the United States (1861-1865) .He is one of the great leaders in American history. A humane, far-sighted statesman in his lifetime, he became a legend and a folk hero after his death. Lincoln raised from humble backwoods origins to become one of the great presidents of the United States. In his effort to preserve the Union during the Civil War, he assumed more power than any preceding president. If necessity made him almost a dictator, by fervent conviction he was always a democrat. A superb politician, he persuaded the people with reasoned word and thoughtful deed to look to him for leadership. He had a lasting influence on American political institutions, most importantly in setting the precedent of vigorous executive action in time of national emergency.

 

Abraham Lincoln’s desire to learn and his efforts to educate himself have become legendary. Lincoln grew up in poverty in Kentucky and Indiana, where he had little formal education and minimal access to books. As a boy, he would often read at night by the light of the fire in his family’s cabin.

When his father could spare him from chores, Lincoln attended an ABC school. Such schools were held in log cabins, and often the teachers were barely more educated than their pupils. According to Lincoln, “no qualification was ever required of a teacher beyond reading, writing, and ciphering, to the Rule of Three.” Including a few weeks at a similar school in Kentucky, Lincoln had less than one full year of formal education in his entire life.
 

Abe's stepmother encouraged his quest for knowledge. At an early age he could read, write, and do simple arithmetic. Books were scarce on the Indiana frontier, but besides the family Bible, which Lincoln knew well, he was able to read the classical authors Aesop, John Bunyan, and Daniel Defoe, as well as William Grim haw’s History of the United states(1820) and Mason Locke Weems's Life and Memorable Actions of George Washington (about 1800). This biography of George Washington made a lasting impression on Lincoln, and he made the ideals of Washington and the founding fathers of the United States his own.

 

Standing in that crowd listening to Lincoln speak was an angry,

half-crazed actor with pro-Southern sympathies, John Wilkes

Booth. Booth had planned for some time to kidnap Lincoln and

take him to Richmond. However, when Richmond fell, Booth

decided on murder. He planned to assassinate Lincoln on Good

Friday, April 14, 1865.

 

 Lincoln has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, including the capital of Nebraska. The first public monument to Abraham Lincoln was a statue erected in front of the District of Columbia City Hall in 1868, three years after his assassination. Lincoln’s name and image appear in numerous other places, such as the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. and Lincoln's sculpture on Mount Rushmore. Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial in Lincoln City, Indiana, Lincoln’s, Illinois, and Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield, Illinois commemorate the president. Ford's Theatre and Petersen House (where he died) are maintained as museums, as is the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, located in Springfield. The Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois, contains his remains and those of his wife Mary and three of his four sons, Edward, William, and Thomas.

 

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the United States

 

Birth	February 12, 1809
Death	April 15, 1865
Home State	Illinois
Party	Republican
Terms In Office	·         1861-1865
	·         March 4, 1865-April 15, 1865
Vice Presidents	Hannibal Hamlin
	Andrew Johnson
Significant Acts	Led the Union in the Civil War (1861-1865) to prevent the Southern states from seceding from the United States.
	Averted Britain's involvement in the Civil War during the Trent Affair in November 1861.
	Signed the Homestead Act in 1862, which awarded 65 hectares (160 acres) to settlers who agreed to farm the land for five years.
	Issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, abolishing slavery in states rebelling against the United States.
	Created a national banking system and standardized currency with the National Banking Act in February 1863.
Career	1830 Served in the Black Hawk War.
	1847-1849 Represented Illinois in the U.S. House of Representatives.
	1858 Debated Stephen Douglas during the campaign for U.S. senator.
	1861-1865 Served as President of the United States.
	1865 Assassinated at Ford's Theatre, Washington, D.C.
Did You Know	Lincoln was known as a storyteller and jokester, but he also suffered from deep depression.
	Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated.
	Lincoln received a patent in 1849 for a system he designed to adjust the buoyancy of steamboats.
	Lincoln carried letters, bills, and notes in his tall stovepipe hat.
	At 6 feet, 4 inches, Lincoln was the tallest president.

 

 

 

 

George Washington

 

George Washington   was the first President of the United States (1789–1797), the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He presided over the convention that drafted the Constitution, which replaced the Articles of Confederation and established the position of President. The first child of Augustine Washington (1694–1743) and his second wife, Mary Ball Washington (1708–1789), George Washington was born on their Pope's Creek Estate near present-day Colonial Beach in Westmoreland County, Virginia. According to the Julian calendar and Annunciation Style of enumerating years, then in use in the British Empire, Washington was born on February 11, 1731; when the Gregorian calendar was implemented in the British Empire in 1752, in accordance with the provisions of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, his birth date became February 22, 1732.

Washington was elected President as the unanimous choice of the electors in 1788, and he served two terms in office. He oversaw the creation of a strong, well-financed national government that maintained neutrality in the wars raging in Europe, suppressed rebellion, and won acceptance among Americans of all types. His leadership style established many forms and rituals of government that have been used since, such as using a cabinet system and delivering an inaugural address. Further, the peaceful transition from his presidency to the presidency of John Adams established a tradition that continues into the 21st century. Washington was hailed as "father of his country” even during his lifetime.

 

Washington was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia; his wealthy planter family owned tobacco plantations and slaves. After both his father and older brother died when he was young, Washington became personally and professionally attached to the powerful William Fairfax, who promoted his career as a surveyor and soldier. Washington quickly became a senior officer in the colonial forces during the first stages of the French and Indian War. Chosen by the Second Continental Congress in 1775 to be commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, Washington managed to force the British out of Boston in 1776, but was defeated and almost captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the dead of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey and restored momentum to the Patriot cause.

 

Because of his strategy, Revolutionary forces captured two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. Historians laud Washington for his selection and supervision of his generals, encouragement of morale and ability to hold together the army, coordination with the state governors and state militia units, relations with Congress and attention to supplies, logistics, and training. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies. After victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as Commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism.

 

Dissatisfied with the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, in 1787 Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention that drafted the United States Constitution. Elected unanimously as the first President of the United States in 1789, he attempted to bring rival factions together to unify the nation. He supported Alexander Hamilton's programs to pay off all state and national debt, to implement an effective tax system and to create a national bank (despite opposition from Thomas Jefferson).

Washington proclaimed the United States neutral in the wars raging in Europe after 1793. He avoided war with Great Britain and guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795, despite intense opposition from the Jeffersonian. Although he never officially joined the Federalist Party, he supported its programs. Washington's Farewell Address was an influential primer on republican virtue and a warning against partisanship, sectionalism, and involvement in foreign wars. He retired from the presidency in 1797 and returned to his home, Mount Vernon, and his domestic life where he managed a variety of enterprises. He freed all his slaves by his final will.

Washington had a vision of a great and powerful nation that would be built on republican lines using federal power. He sought to use the national government to preserve liberty, improve infrastructure, open the western lands, promote commerce, found a permanent capital, reduce regional tensions and promote a spirit of American nationalism. At his death, Washington was eulogized as "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen" by Henry Lee.

The Federalists made him the symbol of their party but for many years, the Jeffersonian continued to distrust his influence and delayed building the Washington Monument. As the leader of the first successful revolution against a colonial empire in world history, Washington became an international icon for liberation and nationalism, especially in France and Latin America. He is consistently ranked among the top three presidents of the United States, according to polls of both scholars and the general public.

On Thursday, December 12, 1799, Washington spent several hours inspecting his plantation on horseback, in snow, hail, and freezing rain—later that evening eating his supper without changing from his wet clothes. That Friday he awoke with a severe sore throat and became increasingly hoarse as the day progressed, yet still rode out in the heavy snow, marking trees on the estate that he wanted cut. Sometime around 3 a.m. that Saturday, he suddenly awoke with severe difficulty breathing and almost completely unable to speak or swallow.

 A firm believer in bloodletting, a standard medical practice of that era which he had used to treat various ailments of enslaved Africans on his plantation, he ordered estate overseer Albin Rawlins to remove half a pint of his blood. A total of three physicians were sent for, including Washington's personal physician Dr. James Craik along with Dr. Gustavus Brown and Dr. Elisha Dick. Craik and Brown thought that Washington had what they diagnosed as "quinsy" or "Quincy", while Dick, the younger man, thought the condition was more serious or a "violent inflammation of the throat".  By the time the three physicians had finished their treatments and bloodletting of the President, there had been a massive volume of blood loss—half or more of his total blood content being removed over the course of just a few hours. Recognizing that the bloodletting and other treatments were failing, Dr. Dick proposed performing an emergency tracheotomy, a procedure that few American physicians were familiar with at the time, as a last-ditch effort to save Washington's life; but the other two doctors rejected this proposal.

Washington died at home around 10 p.m. on Saturday, December 14, 1799, aged 67. In his journal, Lear recorded Washington's last words as being "'Tis well."

Since 1847, one of the defining hallmarks of a U.S. President is his appearance on U.S. currency and postage. George Washington appears on contemporary U.S. currency, including the one-dollar bill and the U.S. quarter dollar. On U.S. postage stamps Washington, along with Benjamin Franklin, appeared on the nation's first postage   stamps in 1847. Throughout U.S. postal history Washington appears on many postage issues, more than all other presidents combined.